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Peretta Peronne
Peretta Peronne was an exceptionally prominent unlicensed female surgeon operating in Paris in the early fifteenth century.
== Background ==
The legacy of Peretta Peronne is known exclusively through her prosecution by the Parisian medical faculty in 1411.〔Broomhall, Susan. Women's Medical Work in Early Modern France. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2011. Print.〕 The ''Commentaries'' of the Parisian medical faculty provide record of the expenditures associated with pursuing cases against practitioners as well as the charters of the Parisian university which provide documentation for their efforts for a legal recognition of their positions on medical practice.〔Commentaires de la Faculté de Médecine de L’Université de Paris, vol. 1 (1395-1516) ed. C.A.E. Wickersheimer (Paris: Imperimerie Nationale, 1915)〕 The faculty sought to increase the status of physicians and to emphasize the necessity for training and licensing in order for a medical professional to be recognized as legitimate. This effort in Paris was part of a larger movement in early modern Europe to denounce all non-university trained medical professionals, including surgeons, barber and apothecaries, as either inferior or all together illegitimate. However, in France, the delineation between the types of medical practitioners was becoming particularly rigid during this time period, as professionalization of the medical career was increasingly discussed in the ecclesiastical and political realms.〔Whaley, Leigh Ann. Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.〕
Throughout the middle ages, women participated in medical practice across a variety of discipline. While history has typically focused on women’s roles as caregivers within the domestic sphere, wet nurses and midwives, historian Monica H. Green has argued that "one of the greatest myths of female practitioners in the middle ages is that they primarily treated female complaints."〔Green, Monica H. “Women’s medical practice and health care in medieval Europe” in Judith M. Bennett et al. (eds), Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), pp. 61-78〕 Women were not systematically excluded from being direct competition to their male counterparts until the end of the middle ages when the increased regulation and legal repercussions against their practice became significant enough that the profession of a woman physician began to disappear from historical record.〔Applebaum, Herbert A. The Concept of Work: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Albany: State U of New York, 1992. Print.〕 Despite assumptions that the exclusion of women was purely misogynistic, records of the edicts and ordinances put forth by the Parisian medical faculty indicate that their primary interest was establishing the superiority and elite status of the physician within the medical realm. The prosecution of Jacoba Felicie in 1322 was an early example of the emergence of this mindset in France.
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